Introduction to case study research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Introduction to case study research - Essay Example In this regard, the research may involve exploring the reasons for existence of such issues in certain places. In addition, the research may involve description of certain environmental aspects, business aspects as well as economic aspects of the environments where such a research is conducted (Green, 57). The results to those researches are well documented in the case studies. In this regard, the case studies will therefore act as the best secondary sources to use when one intends to carry out a research concerning specific aspects. This will be made easier if such a research topic had already been covered in one of the case studies that had been conducted with reference to such topic in question, or anything in close relationship to the topic that is to be researched on. In relation to the above case, the case study researches would be critical in the sense that they will act as references (Saunders, 27). In this manner, they will give additional information relevant to the research in question. In this perspective, it is of crucial significance to understand the meaning of a case study as well as a case study research. It is of critical significance to note that the term case study may have very many meanings. However, the difference in those meanings is not quite large. Every meaning tied to the term case study always has several similarities with each other. However, there are slight differences in such meanings with regards to what is being referred to (Thomas, 41). These meanings may vary with regards to the topic being researched on. Again, the difference in meanings of the term â€Å"case study† may be evident in reference to the specific environment where the case study research is conducted. On the same note, it is of critical significance to note that the difference in meanings of the term case studies may depend upon the different views of different individual personalities. This may be in relation to

Engendering violence Essay Example for Free

Engendering violence Essay Violence could occur in various ways and in different levels. It may happen in the form of physical, sexual, verbal and psychological abuse, and could be inflicted by any individual, groups, institutions or nations. Whatever form of violence is inflicted, it could threaten the body of the violated person in the most complex way (Jarvis, â€Å"world of the body†). The society today is not new with the issue of violence. Every now and then, the media is consistently reporting events that are inhumane. Although violence could occur among different people, it has been well identified that the prevailing cases of violence are those that are gendered-based. Before one could fully identify gender-based violence, it is an imperative to clarify various definitions that are centered to the area being studied. It should be well understood that the usage of the words gender and sex are needed to be given identification in order to fully understand gender-based violence. In many cases the words gender and sex are used alternately; however there is a distinction between the two words. Sex is often referred to as the differences in the physical aspects of males and females while gender is known to be the roles of the males and females that are socially-prescribed. Such gender roles are acquired through the process of socialization (Ward, 2002 qtd in Benjamin and Murchinson 3). While the physical differences between male and female is persistently identified to be something that is easily distinguished and could be possessed in common, the gender roles are wide range and could be found in different aspects of an individual’s life and may apply in various aspects such as access to various resources, responsibilities that are public and private or even during the period of courtship. Although gender roles could be altered in the long run, it should be well understood that these gender roles reflect the position of men, women and children in the society (Benjamin and Murchinson 3-4). Based from these roles, gender-based violence could be identified as a form of violence that is done to an individual in accordance to the role he or she played within the society. Although such violence could also be directed among men, gender-based violence is prevalent among women and girls. The violence inflicted to females intends to empower hierarchies and strengthen gender inequalities (Benjamin and Murchinson 4). The term gender-based violence is now taking a new context where in it tends to examine and deeply understand the violence against women and discusses the role of gender in inflicting the violence. The power of gender relations always place women in a more disadvantaged position compared to their male counterparts. Gender-based violence place women at a level where they have less access to resources, information, decision making, benefits and have lesser hold on their rights. Aside from these, gender-based violence are also closely related to violence against women and girls because of the involvement of the idea that women are the subordinate gender in the society (UNIFEM 2-3). In various nations, women and girls are victims of myriads of forms of violence. Most of the cases of violence were not done randomly. The victims became the targets of the perpetrators because of the reason that they are females. Among the many forms of violence, sexual violence specifically rape is the most commonly inflicted among women. All sexual assaults are done out of aggression, despite of the gender and age of the victim. The primary motivation of the assailant to carry out rape is not centered towards satisfying a sexual desire or an issue of sexual deprivation from the past rather the perpetrator inflicts rape in order to express their power over somebody (Groth qtd in New York City Alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). In most cases of female rape the act of violence was predominantly done by males who all come from socio-economic classes, racial or other ethnic groups. All through out the world, rape is often directed towards women because of their gender, regardless of their age, ethnicity or political affiliation (UNIFEM, â€Å"violence†). In the United States alone, it was reported that a woman is raped every two minutes. Just in 1995, the number of women who were raped or sexually assaulted reached over 354,670. The risk factors for initiating rape were accounted for early sexual experience, stereotyping which include the negative attitudes of males toward females, consumption of alcohol and the acceptance of rape myths (â€Å"American rape statistics†). In addition, during war and civil conflicts gender-based violence such as rape and sexual abuse were done in order to attack the morale of the enemy including men and women. For others gender-based violence was also conducted as â€Å"spoils of war. † (Benjamin and Murchinson 5) During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, sexual violence, especially rape was directed or encouraged by the Hutu Militia groups in order to strengthen their goal of destroying the whole Tsutsi clan. At this point in time, the violence was directed towards the Tsutsi women due to their gender and ethnicity. Furthermore, the sexuality of the Tsutsi women was also regarded by the Hutu’s, who were the genocide perpetrators, as a medium that could be used by the Tsutsi community to infiltrate the community of the Hutus. Because of this reason, the propaganda of sexually violating the Tsutsi women became prevalent in order to dehumanize and subjugate the Tsusti community as a whole. Aside from the Tsutsi women other Hutu women were also targeted for rape by their own tribesmen because they were associated with Tsutsi men who are considered as an opposition (Norwojee, â€Å"Shattered lives†). During the conflict in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Muslim women were raped and sexually abused as a part of the so-called â€Å"ethnic cleansing† for the establishment of the Greater Serbia, which is said to be ethically pure. On the basis of investigations, it was estimated that over 20,000 women became the victims of rape and sexual abuse. It was also documented that the rape was directed among the women in order to impose humiliation among the victims, their families and the community where they belong (WomenAid International, â€Å"EC investigative mission†). Much has been written about the prevalence of rape and rape reporting among females. However, it was stated earlier in the study that gender-based violence could also occur among males. In the case of rape, males are often disregarded about the issue because of the social context that males are the initiators of the sexual act, or if not they are considered as the dominating gender and that the women should be take the submissive role (Gagnon and Simon, 1973; Schneider Gould, 1987 qtd in Duncan and William, â€Å"Gender role,† 1). Despite this traditional sexual script, male rape is also very much similar to female rape. The most common perpetrators of male rape are also males, yet on a larger scale, the involvement of female as accomplices or perpetrators were also reported. In 2002, it was documented that out of eight rape victims, one of those involves a male (RAINN, 2003 qtd in Stanford’s men against violent group, â€Å"male rape†). More often than not, male rape is one of the many violence issues that are least discussed in the society. This is because such issue is often interpreted as an extension of the life in prison and is often regarded as a part of the homosexual subculture (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1). However, what people do not recognize is the fact that male rape survivors include not only homosexuals but also heterosexuals, teenagers, homosexuals and children. Case research even suggested that males also experience the same reactions felt by females. Alongside with the feelings of depression, anger, self-blame, guilt, sexual dysfunctions, vulnerability and emotional distancing, male rape victims also have to endure unsympathetic attitudes from people even their friends, family and acquaintances (Brochman, 1991 qtd in New York City alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). Likewise, it was also reported that males are more likely to become victims of multiple aggressors, yet the assailants could inflict sustained physical trauma and male victims could be held as captives for a longer period of time compared to their female counterparts (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1).

Charles Ginnever :: essays research papers

Charles Ginnever   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A artist that I take a liking to his interesting pieces of work is Charles Ginnever. Charles Ginnever was born in San Mateo, California in 1931. Charles studied both in the United States and in Europe From 1949 - 1959. He started out in San Mateo Junior College in 1949 and completed his Associates degree in 1951. In 1953 Charles moved to Paris, France and studied at Alliance Francaise. He was not done in Europe and moved on to Universita per Stranieri in Perugia, Italy in 1954.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles didn’t stop there and went back to Paris, France to study at Academire de la Grande Chaumiere under the Great teacher Ossip Zadkine in 1955. From there it was off to Aterier 17 in Paris, France to study with Stanley W. Hayter. In 1956 Charles Ginnever moved back to the Untied States and studied at the California University of Fine Arts in San Francisco where here received his B.F.A. In 1959, Charles Finally finished his education at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York with a M..F.A..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After finishing his studies, Charles Ginnever took up teaching positions at many different universities and institutes. Some of these schools included Cornell University, Pratt Institute, University of California at Berkeley and many more schools across the country. Charles has been given many awards and commissions for his works in sculpture. He has most recently been awarded the Lee Krasner Foundation â€Å"Lifetime Achievement Award†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Ginnever sculptures have been and are on display at many museums, parks and galleries. These museums include the San Francisco Museum, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Seattle Art Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Los Angeles Museum of Art, and many more. Some of the parks are Laumeier Sculpture Park, Storm King Art Center, and many more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Ginnever is best know for his large scale works of art that are made for the outdoors. His sculptures are placed throughout the United States, Philippines, and Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginnever achieves a feeling of order in his work by working in straight forward ways with familiar elements. These element are flat lengths of steel and spaced out in different areas along the ground. They are put together by welding the ends of the steel together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles’ sculptures are meant to be seen by stepping back and seeing the pieces from a distance. As the point of view shifts, the wide strips of steel become thin lines, that make certain angles vanish as others come into view.

Based System for Sales, Marketing and Customer Information Essay

We propose a new cloud based system that will compile all of the past sales and marketing information and current customer contacts and needs. This system will allow employees from all areas and locations access to marketing tools and sales data. The components needed to use the new cloud system are Clients which is computer hardware and software that relies on the cloud for application and other Cloud services. The other services could not run without the help of Cloud computing. The second is Services; this is a software system that is designed to support machine-to-machine communication through a network. Next is Application; this helps the Cloud in the software architecture, this often eliminates the need to install and run the application on the costumers own computer. Platform facilitates deployment of applications without the cost of complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. Storage is the delivery of data storage as a service. Then there is infrastructure; this is the delivery of computer infrastructure as a service. All of these components are very important to the new system of cloud we are creating to better Riordan. The data requirements can be simply updated with a downloadable software update that will come with the program to make it simpler to install. The only things that will be needed while using this software are access to the internet and an external hard drive. The hard drive will ensure that it will not take up too much memory from the internal hard drive as it has a large amount of memory. Using the software is simple and easy to learn. It can be a little hard if one does not have proper knowledge of the internet. In order to be able to download this program the proper way without any add-ons of viruses, one would have to have the knowledge of the internet and to be able to download programs. The last thing that will help when using out software, is knowing how to use an external hard drive and how to hook it into the computer. The new cloud system uses more memory then our last version making an external hard drive a little more needed. These requirements will make using the software as simple and will help any company track sales and other financial information. Riordan would be able to manage data, text, and document management as a communication simplicity tool. As in any company, data is an informational asset that brings in earnings, investing in data management. Simply spoken, it helps to raise customer relationship management (CRM), while cutting expenses. This type of database will enable increased speeds for locating the products the customers want. It will reduce, considerably, the unauthorized purchases, and improve the efficiency in the operation, helping to also reduce errors in customer purchases. Part of the restructuring, would involve a need for Riordan implement consolidating software applications for all of the branches. The security of this software and concerns are the same as any software. As long as the company sticks to the policy there should not be any problems. We have made sure that this program is safe and secure. The data will be protected as long as the computers and users are safe with Virus protectors that are installed. So far we have not seen any flaws within the program as long as it is used properly. Any ethical concerns should be addressed to our company so we can make sure they are fixed and made sure that the data is safe and secure. This system can be used with mobile devices such as smart phones and any smart tablet. We have made this possible to help companies who travel a lot and cannot always be around a computer. We added this in to help make tracking a simpler step for all companies who use our system. Because the system as a whole carries far too much data for smart phones and tablets, we have created an app that can be downloaded with a smaller call for storage. This will help to not take up too much storage on smaller devices.

To Document Ella Baker’s Life

To document Ella Baker's life is to recount the history of the civil rights movement. Whenever there was a cause to fight for or a group to organize, this dedicated women was there. Ella was born 1903, she grew up and received her education in North Carolina. Upon and at one time, president of the New York branch Ella went South in the 1950s to help the civil rights movement as it was developing in Alabama. With 30 years of organizing experience under her belt, Ella's advice to Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other leaders of the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 was invaluable. She stayed South and helped Dr. King set up the headquarters of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC). A few years later she played an important part in helping to organize student sit-in demonstrations that were occurring all over the South. This activity led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), one of the most powerful student-activist movements formed in U. S. history. She also helped to found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964, which helped to give African Americans in Mississippi more political power. Ella continued to serve as the â€Å"godmother† and mentor of SNCC as it moved into other human rights issues. Her greatest asset was her ability to organize and mobilize people of all generations. Although her name was not publicized as much as other male leaders, the civil rights movement would not have been the same without her. Shortly before her death in 1986, a documentary titled â€Å"Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker† was aired on public television. Fundi is the Swahili word for a person who passes on skill to a younger generation. It is a fitting description of Ella Baker's legacy. graduating from Shaw University, she moved to New York City just before the Depression of 1929. There she became active in various causes. She worked briefly with the Work Projects Administration (WPA) and then worked to end discrimination in organized labor through the NAACP.

7 Outstanding Language-Learning Apps and Websites

7 Outstanding Language-Learning Apps and Websites The most excellent websites and applications for language mastering Quite often even English-speaking person faces the need to learn some other language, being under specific circumstances. As the modern world provides you with the ability to enjoy the charms of electronic world, you can perform studying online via web sites from your PC, laptop or some pocket device that is quite useful. Below, you may find the greatest tools and websites that can help you master the knowledge on a language. LIVING LANGUAGE For persons who treat learning as a significant task, this site is the very place to begin. Here you can find about 20 languages which you are able to master. A lot of options are present here: specific notes, recordings in audio format, vocabulary and grammar. Among the most popular are e-touring with the speakers of a native tongue and using of games as a part of the study. Do it online, with the use of the applications or order the corresponding edition. If you do not want to pay – use Living Language’s Free Resources section, in which there are numerous PDFs for reading at any time you want. BBC Languages The web site gives you a great choice of about 40 languages to perceive. Concerning seven languages, like German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek and Chinese you get more features with assessments tests to define the level of the knowledge, depending on which you receive the corresponding materials and resources. And it should be noticed that here you can find a lot of videos for free that is really great opportunity. DUOLINGO This chargeless site with a wonderful interface design proposes learning of languages combining the processes of writing, reading, speaking and listening. Another interesting feature is that for positive results you gain extra points and in addition are able to share your results with friends. There is the set of many languages of Europe for you. You are able to study several languages during the same period without a need to pay additionally charges. LIVEMOCHA The key feature of Livemocha site is the ability to associate with native speakers. Though special membership is not for free, you can acquire lesson credits by helping other users in learning, for example, by editing of content or providing your comments concerning their pronunciations through audio recordings. Additionally, clients can attend virtual online classes or book online sessions, depending on their peculiar circumstances and conditions in studying. BUSUU BUSUU is the place where more than 60 million speakers of native tongue share their knowledge and assist each other to study languages. Here there are full language courses with short lessons that ideally suit for day-by-day life, working and travelling. The exercises are checked and edited by the native language speakers from all over the world. Such interaction between users is very efficient and productive, resulting in fast gained and positive results. The site provides instructions in most of European languages and also Russian, Japanese, and Chinese. FOREIGN SERVICES INSTITUTE To some extent specific site that has kind of simple interface, but complex set of knowledge. The FSI site stores a lot of materials for more than 45 tongues. They are of very high quality and were developed by highly-skilled linguists. Here such languages as Serbo-Croatian, Sinhala or Maranao Igbo are represented for you. Though the site stores government-sponsored content in public domain, in real it is maintained by private individuals. MEMRISE Those who prefer to use visual comprehension to perceive information Memrise site offers â€Å"mems†, mnemonic flash card generated by users with the concern to fancy and art drawing that help to enlarge your vocabulary. Here there are tens of hundreds of chargeless courses in various languages at your disposal. And you can even be the one to create such mems especially for other members that will open your new abilities not only to study material, but also to generate it for others. Use these apps and make the language-learning activities easy and fun!

The Ocean County Vocational Technical School Essays

The Ocean County Vocational Technical School Essays The Ocean County Vocational Technical School Essay The Ocean County Vocational Technical School Essay Learning is fun at Ocean County Vocational Technical School because Learning is fun at Ocean County Vocational Technical School because its teaching you how to start your Journey in life; it makes you become a better person and teaches you different things in your young adult years. The reason why I think its fun because it helps me get a Job, teaching me things I didnt know, showing me how to be in a work environment and having good communication skills. My first experience was my Junior year I was in culinary arts/ hospitality I was shown how to prep foods, cook different foods, and taught safety rules. While I was there I helped cook apple crisp for the annual apple festival in Lacey. We also would take orders and cook all kinds of different foods for all the staff, students, and family members. We would cater to the students of the month and honor roll students by making them a big meal. I was shown different methods of cooking, different equipments, and tools. My Job every Friday was to write in my portfolio about my Jobs I had and what I cooked. It felt like I was in a real live restaurant it was pretty cool I learned a lot of things in the cooking class. I really enjoyed culinary foods class in Waretown ocvts. The second reason why learning is fun at vocation school is Im in a retail store occupations this year. I was shown a lot of cool methods of working in a store for an example cashier, making smoothies, and in the hot foods station. Every day of the week besides Wednesday we open the Surfs Up Market which is in the class Im in at the Toms river center we get assigned a different Job every week. On Wednesday we learn about working in a store, how to fill out applications, safety rules, communication skills, we also study different math methods.

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - S

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - S The occupations found recorded in documents from prior centuries often appear unusual or foreign when compared to the occupations of today. The following occupations beginning with S are generally now considered old or obsolete. Saddler  - maker and repairer of saddles and bridles Saddle Tree Maker - one who creates  the wooden frame for a horse saddle Salter  - one who makes or deals in salt Sandler - sandle maker Savant  - servant Sawbones  - physician Sawyer  - sawer of wood; carpenter Scabbler  - person who uses a scabbler (pick) to trim the sides of a tunnel Scappler - responsible for rough-shaping stone before final dressing by a stonemason   Schumacker  - shoemaker or cobbler Scribler / Scribbler  - minor or worthless author Scrivener  - scribe or clerk; professional or public copyist or writer; notary public Scrutiner  - election judge Scutcher / Skutcher - one who beat flax to extract linen fibers from flax stems Seinter  - girdle maker Servitor - a clerk or secretary Sewer rat  - a bricklayer who specialized in making and repairing sewers and tunnels Sexton - a church caretaker, sometimes responsible for digging graves Sharecropper -  a tenant farmer who is allowed to farm (and sometimes live on) anothers land in return for a percentage share of the crops produced on their portion of land Shearer - sheared wool from sheep Shearman  - one who raised the surface of woolen cloth and then sheared it to a smooth  surface; cutter of woolen cloth; sometimes a cutter of metal Shepster - dressmaker or sheep shearer Ship chandler -  a dealer in supplies and equipment for ships and boats, known as ship stores Shrieve / Shriever  - sheriff Shunter - railway worker responsible for coupling train cars and carriages; also known as a switcher Sickleman  - a reaper Silk drawer -  one who drew silk from silk waste for spinning Skepper / Skelper - beehive maker or seller   Skinner - a flayer of animal hides for leather Slagger - a worker in a steel mill responsible for removing slag from a furnace during the smelting process. Slater / Slatter  - roofer; tiler Slopseller  - seller of ready-made clothes in a slop shop Slubber - a worker in a cotton or textile mill, responsible for  removing the slubs or imperfections in the yarn prior to weaving Sluicer - one who tended the sluice in a mine (often a gold or silver mine) Smith - a metal worker, usually a blacksmith. See also the surname SMITH. Snobscat / Snob  - shoe repairer; cobbler Sojourner - a traveler or traveling merchant; sometimes used to refer to a temporary (non-permanent) resident of a parish Soper  - soapmaker Sorter  - tailor Sperviter - a keeper of sparrow hawks Spicer  - a grocer or dealer in spices Spinster  - unmarried woman; spinner (female) Spit boy -  Ã‚  a kitchen worker responsible for turning spits in the fireplace so food would cook evenly Spittleman  - hospital attendant Spurrer / Spurrier  - maker of spurs Squire  - country gentleman; farm owner; justice of peace Staymaker - a maker of bone stays for corsets Stevedore  - a dock worker or laborer who loads and unloads ships cargos. Stoddard - a breeder or keeper of horses Stone cutter - possibly a stone mason, but often a carver of tombstones Stoner - mason Stuff Gown  / Stuff Gownsman  - junior barrister Surveyor - one who estimates or measures areas of land Switcher  - railway worker responsible for coupling train cars and carriages; also known as a shunter Explore more old and obsolete occupations and trades in our free Dictionary of Old Occupations and Trades!

Race & Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Race & Ethnicity - Essay Example In America, ethnicity and race have been perceived differently in the past and presently due to color, gender discrimination, and religious differences, which are the main determinants. The traditional perception of race and ethnicity in the country was that those who belonged to a specific race were segregated from the other. Each tribe was independent of the other irrespective of the above factors. Today in America, ethnicity, and race involves grouping people on the basis of how much the society rewards them and their shared culture. Unlike in the past when majority of Americans were white, presently, people in America are either black or white, and their no transition except for Native Americans or the Asian Americans (Margret 12). As a result, race and ethnicity was not on the basis of color in the past. Today, white people in America live segregated from the non-whites. The Africans-Americans live typically in large Africans neighborhoods. The residential segregation has led to elevated levels of poverty experienced in the racial and ethnic minorities. These minorities have dismal chances to acquire jobs, poor healthcare facilities and are prone to crime. There has been increased resistance fusion in marriage patterns of people of America outside their ethnic, religious, and racial groups. Gender differences did not have power in the past hence determined not much race and ethnicity. Today, gender has been a base of discrimination in the United States where the interests of the females have been addressed as those of minority. The white men have overlooked the oppression of the female sex gender. Feminism distracts women from full participation in the America’s progress, and their formation of feminist groups among the Blacks worsens the matter (Clear et. al. 22). The media portray the black African-Americans negatively where they are seen as uneducated, prostitutes, and homemaker’s. Race and ethnicity has been violent because of religious d ifferences presently due to the increase in religious denominations. In the past, religion did not have much power as it does today hence determined less about race and ethnicity. Today, people have used religion as a discriminatory factor in the United States. Terrorist have even used religion as their bases for terror, for example, the Muslims fight the Christians in America. European immigrants sometimes faced religious intolerance as well as the Roman Catholics who suffered from prejudice (Clear 38). People discriminate others because of religion because they are unfamiliar with other religions and the childish mentality that any opposing religion is wrong. Many people from childhood grow not knowing how to appreciate other’s religion and thus train to treat them brutally. People of a specific religion are thus forced to adopt some behaviors that will seclude them from the rest and this form a based for racism and ethnicity in the United States (Barron 4). In conclusion, race and ethnicity is common in the American society, but different from the traditional perspective in respect to color, gender discrimination, and religious differences. Evident in this paper, presently, the patterns of race and ethnicity are changing by being biracial and multiracial among the present children (Margret 18). Through color, race and ethnici

Exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Exam question - Essay Example Restorative justice is less punitive than the traditional justice system which requires the offender to suffer some kind of fine or incarceration. Restorative justice focuses on the needs of the victim and the wider community. Instead of being punished alone, restorative justice focuses on getting the offender to take responsibility for his actions. In doing this, the victim might have to admit his guilt and take actions to either apologise to the victim or reinstate the victim in lieu of all the losses suffered. In other cases, the offender undergoes community service. The motive of restorative justice is to focus on the personal needs of the victim. Stated differently, the approach of sending offenders to jail and getting them to pay fines to the state does not seem to provide direct satisfaction to the victims. This is because it seems impersonal and the victim does not get any kind of restitution or reparation. However, in the case of restorative justice, the victim gets the oppo rtunity to be given what s/he lost in an offence. If it is not possible to give back, the offender might render an apology and promise not to do so again. This fosters communal relations and promotes reformation (b) What are the aims of Restorative Justice? The Crown Prosecution Service outlines three main aims of restorative justice. The first aim is to promote victim satisfaction. In other words, there is evidence that the traditional approach of criminalising offences and imprisoning offenders does not seem to satisfy victims. Rather, it only keep the offenders away and there is no contact between them and victims. Restorative justice provides a system of reducing fear and tensions between the victim and the perpetrator. Also, in a sense, the apology of the victim and compensation [which is not a feature of traditional courts] can satisfy a victim emotionally. In another sense, the compensation or restitution paid by a victim can prove to be helpful in assisting victims to get ba ck to their former position. The second aim of restorative justice is to foster some form of engagement between the victim and perpetrator. The idea is to provide an important platform through which the victim can tell the perpetrator what he things. Also, the perpetrator can accept his guilt, and apologise for his part in the situation. The victim becomes aware of his actions and the consequences. Through, this he voluntarily accepts the obligation to do something for the victim and community in order to make amends. This makes the whole process of punishment more personal and constructive. The third aim of restorative justice is that it creates community capital. In other words, it enables the community to get a win-win criminal justice system in which people are punished adequately and proportionately. Also, offenders are made aware of the scope of their actions and this prevents them from reoffending. In this sense, the community builds some degree of confidence in the justice s ystem and makes them fell more secured and protected by the law. 2. (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Restorative Justice (taking account of the variety of ‘stakeholders’ who are, or might be, affected by it)? There are some advantages of restorative justice. First of all, restorative justice improves the outcome of court's decision because the victims get the chance to

Mormons and Utah statehood Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mormons and Utah statehood - Research Paper Example It is this persecution which had made them aware that self rule was the only way forward to stop the persecution. However as fate would have it this land at that time belonged to Mexico. But in 1848, the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed which gave this land to United States of America. (Allen 1976) On March 8 1949, a constitutional convention was called in the Salt Lake City by the Mormon leaders in order to campaign for a new state. This state as envisioned by them included the present day Utah , Nevada , Arizona , parts of California ,Colorado   New Mexico and Idaho. (New Mexico Constituional Convention 1911) This convention ended up selecting the officers for this self declared desert state. Almon W.Babbitt was chosen as a representative by this ‘state’ to the US Senate. However the senate refused to meet this representative from a state which was self declared. The congress gave 2 reasons for the refusal to grant statehood – one was the lack of 60,000 eligible voters required and other was the huge size of the proposed state. However in September of 1850 the Senate passed a bill which provided for the organisation of Utah territory.The LSD church authorities publicly said that polygamy or the doctrine of plural marriage was one of the divine obligations of its faithful. However polygamy proved to be one of the biggest obstacles in the path of statehood for Utah. Polygamy was paired by the US senate along with slavery and was considered as an evil which needed to be eradicated from United States at any cost.

One of Jesus miracle is to be born by virgin woman Essay

One of Jesus miracle is to be born by virgin woman - Essay Example Therefore, this is a miracle. If Jesus had been born into the world just like all other men, this would have had grave consequences since it would disqualify Jesus Christ from being the worlds savior. The virgin birth is so basic for the incarnation that it leaves no room for compromise. The bible states or implies that Mary (Jesus’s mother) was immune from the original sin. She was more so preserved from all stains of original sin. The original sin is normally removed by baptism, but in Mary’s case she was never subjected to the active essence of original sin. At the same time the state of original sanctity, innocence, justice i.e. Opposition to original sin was conferred upon Mary thereby excluding every stain and fault, depraved emotions, passions and disabilities pertaining the original sin. However, she was not exempted from the temporal penalties of Adam; that is from sorrow, sickness and death. The reincarnation of Jesus Christ therefore, demanded for a perfect human nature. His coming through the womb of a virgin was significant so that he could have a perfect human nature. The eternal Son assumed a nature, not a person in the incarnation. The nature is called the holy thing. Therefore, the virgin birth of Jesus is tenet to Christianity and Isl am, which holds that Mary miraculously became pregnant with Jesus Christ while still remaining a virgin. This is because the conception did not involve a natural father, and sexual intercourse or male seed implanted in her womb, but, instead brought about by the Holy Spirit.3 God sent angel Gabriel to Nazareth to a town named Galilee to find the Virgin Mary4. Mary, the mother of Jesus was pledged to have been married to Joseph5, a descendant of David, but before they could come together she became heavy with a child conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit6. Since Joseph, her husband, was a righteous

Limited Collection Brand in Marks & Spencer Essay

Limited Collection Brand in Marks & Spencer - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Marks and Spencer Group (M&S) is a retailer of clothing, foods and Homeware. It operates through owned stores and franchise stores. The company has two reportable geographic segments: UK and international. M&S operates through a chain of 622 stores across UK and 278 international outlets throughout 34 countries worldwide The company's operations can be categorized under two divisions: food and general merchandise including clothing and home ware. The food division focuses on fresh, natural, healthy food; special celebration products; authentic ready meals and exceptional everyday food such as Oakham' chicken and Aberdeen Angus steaks. It chain of 205 franchised Simply Food' stores operates in railway stations, Heathrow Airport and motor service areas. These stores offers its customers an opportunity to shops between visits to the company's main stores. The clothing division product portfolio includes women's wear, men's wear, lingerie children's wear and footwear. Hong Kong, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Turkey offices provides the raw materials to the division. This division offers some prominent brands which includes: Autograph, Limited Collection, Cellozione, Blue Harbour, Girls Boutique, Per Una and Ceriso. The home division product and services caters homeware and home accessories; kitchen and tableware; lighting; and furniture products. The division also offers catalogue and online services.

One of Jesus miracle is to be born by virgin woman Essay

One of Jesus miracle is to be born by virgin woman - Essay Example Therefore, this is a miracle. If Jesus had been born into the world just like all other men, this would have had grave consequences since it would disqualify Jesus Christ from being the worlds savior. The virgin birth is so basic for the incarnation that it leaves no room for compromise. The bible states or implies that Mary (Jesus’s mother) was immune from the original sin. She was more so preserved from all stains of original sin. The original sin is normally removed by baptism, but in Mary’s case she was never subjected to the active essence of original sin. At the same time the state of original sanctity, innocence, justice i.e. Opposition to original sin was conferred upon Mary thereby excluding every stain and fault, depraved emotions, passions and disabilities pertaining the original sin. However, she was not exempted from the temporal penalties of Adam; that is from sorrow, sickness and death. The reincarnation of Jesus Christ therefore, demanded for a perfect human nature. His coming through the womb of a virgin was significant so that he could have a perfect human nature. The eternal Son assumed a nature, not a person in the incarnation. The nature is called the holy thing. Therefore, the virgin birth of Jesus is tenet to Christianity and Isl am, which holds that Mary miraculously became pregnant with Jesus Christ while still remaining a virgin. This is because the conception did not involve a natural father, and sexual intercourse or male seed implanted in her womb, but, instead brought about by the Holy Spirit.3 God sent angel Gabriel to Nazareth to a town named Galilee to find the Virgin Mary4. Mary, the mother of Jesus was pledged to have been married to Joseph5, a descendant of David, but before they could come together she became heavy with a child conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit6. Since Joseph, her husband, was a righteous

Hospitality Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hospitality Event - Essay Example As the essay declares while dealing with current environmental issues, undoubtedly climate change is the most potential one. Climate change can be simply referred to as a permanent change in a region’s statistical distribution of weather that occurs over a long period of time. Even though climate change is a natural process historically, nowadays man made causes outweigh the natural forces. Hence, the rate at which climate change occurs has been increased for the last two decades. The process of climate change has far reaching consequences on human life, agriculture, ecosystems, biodiversity, and the atmosphere This study stresses that more specifically saying, unscientific and careless waste management is another troublesome environmental issue facing the modern society. Majority of the industrialists and households are not aware of the application of proper waste management mechanism or its significance in promoting a sustainable environment. Hence, they dump waste materials including e-wastes in their surroundings, marshlands, and oceans. Such practices have wide range severe implications on the environment. Studies have proven that waste dumps significantly contribute to emission of greenhouse gases. Even though a number of ‘waste to energy’ conversion technologies have been developed, improper waste management is still threatening environmental sustainability because people and businesses do not give much emphasis on waste management practices.

John Edwards Essay Example for Free

John Edwards Essay On the eve of Super Tuesday, there is one notable figure that is absent on the Democratic Ticket: John Edwards. To the dismay of some and to the delight of others, John Edwards recently dropped out of the Presidential Race. Edwards also ran in 2004 and was placed on the ticket with John Kerry who together, was narrowly beaten by George Bush and Dick Cheney that year. John Edwards did, during his run, attract a wide array of people who, never before, were interested in politics. There are many who believe that politicians who will only say what they believe will get them elected. John Edwards has been one of the few candidates who says what he believes and when he feels that he was on the wrong side of history, is quick to apologize for that vote. Some pundits would call that pandering but those who know John Edwards and those who have voted for him in the past and were planning on doing it again in the future, know the reality of the situation to be otherwise. It would then behoove those who find the democratic process in America fascinating and an example of the greatest example of representative democracy in the world, to explore one of the most successful candidates in modern American political history, who never became president but who had the voice of millions of Americans. John Edwards was born on June 10, 1953 in South Carolina. Upon entering college at Clemson University, Edwards was the first in his family to enroll in college. Edwards made the most of his time in college where he graduated with high honors and left Clemson with a degree in textile technology. It was also at this time where Edwards met and married Elizabeth Anania and together, had four children. Edwards has always had a close bond with his family and through his wife, Elizabeth, has found the strength to begin a life as a politician. Elizabeth Edwards, upon revealing that her cancer has come back and is indeed terminal, has become an inspiration to millions who admire her courage and/or have cancer themselves or have been affected by the deadly disease. They have not kept their struggle private but have instead voiced their experiences with the rest of the country. Focusing on Edwards’ career in the public forum: It first began in 1978 when Edwards became a lawyer at the law office of Dearborn Ewing. It soon became obvious that Edwards had a real talent for the law profession and soon was winning some of the highest settlements for his clients in North Carolina History which totaled more than $70 million. The most notable case occurred in 1997 when Edwards took the case of a family whose young daughter had been disemboweled by a pool company who failed, after being warned of the dangers, of placing protective covers on the highly powerful suctions which are used to keep the pool water clean. The family was awarded a $25 million settlement. (Pear, 2008 pg. 18) Edwards, the family said, was selected to be their lawyer, because he had accepted less than the standard 33% legal fee of the judgment if the family lost the case or the settlement was small. The case served as a stepping stone for Edwards as it eventually prompted him to seek political office. Edwards won election to the U. S. Senate in 1998 as a Democrat in a state that was once known as a strong hold for the Republican Party. Edwards helped to break that mold and would remain a senator from 1998 until 2005 when he would eventually vacate his seat to seek the presidential nomination from his party. During his time in the Senate, Edwards sponsored 203 bills. (Krugman, 2008 pg. 6) It was here that Edwards’ voting record was established and his beliefs on some of the most pressing and important issues of the day, were set in motion. Due to the fact that John Edwards dropped out of the race before â€Å"Super Tuesday† he does not have campaign headquarters in Illinois. The main site of his campaign headquarters was in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. During his campaign, his main form of advertisement was divided between radio ads, television ads and on the internet. With regard to the Internet, ads were placed on his own personal website: www. johnedwards. com, online ads could also be found on websites such as www. myspace. com and www. youtube. com as well as with what has become known as â€Å"blogs† or online editorials from both his staff, supporters and those within the general community who supported John Edwards and believed that he would be the best choice for the country’s next president. All of the above mentioned were concentrated on the mediums that people that lived in the primary states, were going to see it as it would have been fiscally unwise to advertise in Washington State, when any candidate first needed to have a favorable showing in the Iowa caucus or the New Hampshire primary for example. One of the most important issues facing America today, and which is brought up in every campaign and promises to remain a controversial issue, is the war in Iraq. Edwards, like Hillary Clinton, voted for the Iraq War Resolution, only to reverse their opinions. Edwards stated in October 2002, after 9/11 and before the war in Iraq began: â€Å"Almost no one disagrees with these basic facts: that Saddam Hussein is a tyrant and a menace; that he has weapons of mass destruction and that he is doing everything in his power to get nuclear weapons; that he has supported terrorists; that he is a grave threat to the region, to vital allies like Israel, and to the United States; and that he is thwarting the will of the international community and undermining the United Nations credibility. † (Washington Post, 2008 pg. ) Two years later, Edwards defended his vote by stating: â€Å"I would have voted for the resolution knowing what I know today, because it was the right thing to do to give the president the authority to confront Saddam Hussein I think Saddam Hussein was a very serious threat. I stand by that, and thats why [John Kerry and I] stand behind our vote on the resolution. † (Washington Post, 2008 pg. 2) It has been an issue that he later apologized as he officially changed` his mind on the issue. This has been viewed as weakness and pandering to some but has shown the human side of Edwards and humility. Many voters today are stating that the economy, to them, is the most important issue. This is understandable as many economists believe that a recession is coming, if she is not already here. Edwards advocated the rolling back of President Bush’s tax cuts which the Democrats perceived to be economic measures that are used only to benefit the rich. However, Edwards was in support of the President’s recent stimulus package which involves over $150 billion in rebate checks. The belief being that people will quickly place the money back into the economy which as an s results will help to avoid a further downward spiral of the economy. However, Edwards has differed from the president in the fact that he has called for the stimulus package to include rebates for the unemployed and uninsured; a wider range of individuals and people who, Edwards believes, deserves a larger share of the economic stimulus rebates. In the area of health care, Edwards has advocated that America follow the lead of Europe through the socialization of medicine. Edwards stated: â€Å"One of the reasons that I want to be President of the United States, is to make sure that every woman and every person in America, gets the same kind of things we have. John Edwards was commenting on this in reaction to the news that his wife’s cancer has come back with a redoubled vigor. Others who do not have the same financial abilities as the affluent Edwards family, can expect far inferior treatment. John Edwards seeks to change this. However, Edwards is careful to advocate universal health care and wants to show the difference between universal health care which most Americans want as opposed to socialism, which most people do not want. John Edwards has pledged to raise taxes $200 billion in order to pay for the program. Such sentiments raise a great deal of fear with those who believe in capitalism; the economic and social system that has given so much to America. If the aforementioned scare tactic were true, then one might have a credible reason for their objection. â€Å"There would be free choice of health care providers under a single payer universal health care system, unlike our current managed care system in which people are forced to see providers on the insurer’s panel to obtain medical benefits. Also, in regard to governmental involvement in universal health care, such fears are without merit. Taxes, fees and benefits would be decided by the insurer which would be under the control of a diverse board representing consumers, providers, business and government†¦ ‘The system would be run by a public trust, not the government. † (Krugman, 2008 pg. 3) John Edwards, like most Democrats, were critical of President Bush’s 2002 No Child Left Behind Act from its inception. Edwards agreed that the public school system is in deep trouble but states that NCLB does not go far enough â€Å"They didnt fund the mandates that they put on the schools all over this country. Thats one of the reasons 800 teachers have been laid off in Cleveland. 1/3 of our public schools are failing under the Bush administration. Half of African-Americans are dropping out of high school. Half of Hispanic-American is dropping out of high school. We have a clear plan to improve our public schools that starts with getting our best teachers into the schools where we need them the most by creating incentives for them to go there. † (Washington Post, 2008 pg. 7) Increased funding and a greater concentration on the reasons why students are failing instead of relying mostly on tests. That has been the emphasis of John Edwards’ view on education. John Edwards voted for the Patriot Act and had been rather hawkish at first, in Democratic terms, about the defense of the nation in this post 9/11 world. Edwards has been instrumental in the passage of The Biological and Chemical Weapons Preparedness Act. The bill, introduced by John Edwards with Chuck Hagel (`R-NE`), establishes a coordinated national plan for responding to biological and chemical weapons attacks and directs states to develop plans for dealing with such attacks. Edwards has also been hailed as a friend of the environment who has pushed for a greater government role in pursuing the reduction of emissions from some of the country’s biggest factories. The League of Conversation Voters has stated about Edwards: An excellent choice that sends a clear message about the need for change and renewed optimism in our nations leadership for conservation, public health, and other issues important to the American people, Yet another strong environmental leader [on] the Democratic presidential ticket, (Griscom, 2008 www. rist. org) This stance has helped Edwards to gain support from a wide array of the political spectrum and has resembled the Democratic Party’s renewed interest in the environment. During the 2008 Presidential Campaign, the Edwards camp raised more than $34 million and has spent $36 on campaigning, ads in Iowa and New Hampshire. He has ranked third behind Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama in campaigning finance and has ranked t hird in the polls as well. Unfortunately, there has been for some time in American politics, a direct correlation between the amount of money raised and the votes that a particular candidate, whether Republican or Democrat can acquire. This has been the case for John Edwards who for the time being, has dropped out of the 2008 Presidential Campaign but who could emerge as a Vice Presidential Candidate as he did in 2004.

Budgeted Airlines In The Airline Industry Management Essay

Budgeted Airlines In The Airline Industry Management Essay This report in-depth analyzes the European airline Industry and reports the challenges the budgeted airline faces in the industry and especially for Ryanair. Here it shows how structure, system, leadership, culture environment focus in order to see Ryanairs position and growth in the low cost market. It clearly states the Ryanairs current strategy and identifying its long term strategy. The Business Plan ranges from an industry analysis to an internal financial capability. An integrate understanding of the functioning of the company in terms of human and technical operations, leadership, customer relationship and financial structure. This material critically analyses the internal functioning to create viable strategic positioning and discus any approach changes of Ryanair for its improved sustainability. It refers its capability, structure, system, leadership, culture, people and environment in the low cost European market. The analysis has been done by using some major theories such as 7s matrix, balance score card, double loop learning of Ryanair, ansoff matrix and culture web. Accordingly, this material primarily analyses the current business strategies of Ryanair to understand the nature of their operations. Subsequently, conducts a PESTEL analysis, Porters five forces and value chain analysis to understand the environment of Ryanair, drivers of profit in the industry at present and the future and financial analysis. In addition to balance score card analysis also has been done to understand finance situation in the context of Ryanair and to evaluate its performance. Finally, this report will recommend the recommendations where its applicable. The analysis of this report was complete with the support of the case information provided and through industry related information from academic books, journals, websites and other publicly available secondary data sources. Introduction Ryanair is an Irish airline started its operation in 1985 competing in European budgeted airline industry in the recent years. Ryanair is one of the most profitable and key players in the European budgeted airline market. (Refer Appendix 1) Low cost business model was intruded by the US biased southwest in early 1070s. In 1992 Ryanair was the first to introduce low-cost business model in European market. Easyjet is the main low-cost business model competitor for Ryanair in European market, The reduction of the cost is the center point for low-cost business model. Some of the innovative choice made by Ryanair to maintain low-cost, no-frills service are eliminating traditional in-flight catering and by that reducing labour-related cost, use of on-line booking system, connecting point to point network using secondary airport, comfortable but not spacious seats by that increasing seating capacity, use of similar fleets. This report carries out detail study of Ryanait by analyzing Ryanairs current strategy and the management of the strategy. It recognizes how the business functions and operations are affecting the customer and leadership with their overall strategy. Critical success factor of Ryanair Currently Ryanair is facing lot if problems especially in cost strategy but it overcome from these problems by adding new strategies and grow up in market place. It uses different strategies to have Ryanair alive and to competitive with competitors. It gets a positive competitive advantage from competitors. Ryanair become the first largest low cost airline industry in Europe. Recently Ryanair is awarded for punctuality. It keep up times when flies through countries. Ryanair adopt new strategies to grow in market place and use tactics to keep low cost for flying and remain to get profits. Ryan airs goal is to meet the need of travelling places in low cost. Critical success factor are low cost, customer satisfaction with pricing, reliable and comfort service for customers. Ryanairs main critical success factor is to provide low cost. For that it eliminates in flight services. Seats adjustment and drinks but for their target market they prefer on time facilities, frequent departure and seat reservation. Low cost carrier business model The Low cost airline concept first was used in America by Pacific Southwest Airline in 1949. Southwest is now grown to become one of the largest profitable airlines in the United States. European history low cost airline model started in late 1990s. Low cost airline business model could be defined by the following three key elements. (Refer Appendix 2) Simple product: No in-flight catering and catering on request with extra payment. Plane with beiger capacity with narrow seat. Only single class without any seat allocation. Positioning: Price-conscious business passengers. High frequency point-to-point traffic using secondary airport. Aggressive marketing and competition with all transport carriers (Refer Assignment 1 appendix 6, p.25 and Appendix 10, p. 29) Low operating cost: Uniform fleet low maintenance cost, reduced crews training cost, low airport fees. Low wages, high usage of recourses and productivity, simple boarding process reduces ground waiting, high percentage of internet advance reservation, reduced clearing time and no hub service. Ryanairs current strategy Ryanair is an Irish airline competing in the low cost European airline industry. They are the most profitable and key players in the market. Ryanairs main objective to establish leading low-fare schedule passenger airline in the European market through continued improvements and expanded efficient low cost service. Low fare: Ryanairs low price policy increases price-conscious leisure and business travelers otherwise they would have used other mode of transport such as train, couch and cars. Ryanair sell one way air ticket for the schedule service by eliminating minimum stay requirement. Customer satisfaction: Ryanair achieved grater customer satisfaction by reduced cancellation and few lost baggage compare to other airlines. Achieve better punctuality by using less congested secondary airport. Regular point-to-point flights on short-haul routs: Ryanair provides regular point-to-point flights on short-haul routes around major populated centers by connecting secondary airport. This benefited higher rate of on time departure and faster turn around tine. Point-to-point non stop flying benefited Ryanair by way of cost of providing service for connecting passengers, baggage transfer and cost associated with transit passenger. Market segment: Early entrance in France, Italy, Scandinavian low cost airline market creates more profit brand recognition in the Europe budgeted airline industry. The success of the company is being able to attract more passengers at the both ends of their routes. This creates a name for Ryanair stating that Europe first number one no frills airline. Ryanair identify it maket growth through ansoff matrix (Refer Appendix 10) Competitive advantage: The main competitors for Ryanair in the low cost market are carriers including easyJet, FlyBe and ThomsonFly. All they try to attract potential customers by lowering the ticket price. In early stage favorable relationship with airport operators helped Ryanairs aggressive pricing until EU commission ruling in 2004 (Refer. Assignment 1, Appendix 11, and page number 30). Dispute with EU commission gives free publicity across the Europe continent. (Refer Appendix 7) Business functioning: Internal resources of the business and its functioning are extremely important for the business to prosper. Ryanairs important function and how this will affect business decision explained in SWOT analysis (Refer Appendix 15, Assignment 1- Appendix 9.p 28) Employees and Technical operations. Human resources are one of the most important functions in an organization. Ryanair keep their staff more happy and motivated. This they do by introducing incentive scheme for all operational employees and share option scheme which allow employees to participate for the success of overall company. Customer relation. Ryanair continues to offer no frills low fare service to keep the ticket rate at minimum level. Also Ryanair uses regional airports instead of national airport in order to keep the ticket price at lowest level and helped them for their punctuality due to less congested in the airport. Customers are looking for cheapest way of travelling; hence any bad publicity does not affect sales figures. Profitability. Ryanair have consistently year by year increased its profitability with customer satisfaction by keeping low cost ticket pricing and comfort service to the customers. Ryanair announced profitability despite bad year for airline industry such as gulf war and an outbreak of SARS. (Refer Appendix 6) financial statement published in Ryanairs annual report and also profit in euro for the period 2005 2008 and projection for 2009, passenger numbers and average fare for 2007 Less operating costs: Ryanairs operating cost is the lowest compare to other European airlines. It control major schedule airline operating cost such as aircraft equipment cost, personal productivity cost, customer service cost and airport handling and access cost Aircraft equipment cost Ryanairs aircraft acquisition strategy is to purchase single type aircraft. In 1998 Ryanair has taken a decision to purchase Boeings latest generation aircraft Boeing 737-800 replacing Boeing 737-200A and starts to use from 2005 onwards. Purchase of aircraft from single manufacture benefited Ryanairs barraging power for the new aircraft and cost advantages from personal training, maintenance and purchase and storage of spare parts. Also it has greater flexibility in terms of scheduling crews and equipment. Personal productivity Ryanair control their labor cost by continuously increasing its productivity with highly competitive work force. Ryanair pay productive-based incentives for employees including flight attendants for in-flight product sales and payments based on number of sectors and ours flown by pilots and cabin crews with limit of industry standard of maximum number of hours. Ryanair average salary per employee is high compare to its competitor easyjet, Lufthansa, British airways, Lberia and Acer Lingus. Customer service cost Ryanair has entered into competitive log term third party agreement for certain airport passenger, aircraft handling and ticketing and other services. Approximately 96% of the ticket sales through Ryanairs website and telephone and by this eliminating travel agent commission cost. Airport access charges Ryanairs constantly high volume of passenger traffic many of the airports benefit them to favorable contracts with those airport for access their facilities. Booking Advantage on internet The Ryanairs internet booking system Skylight reservation system allows internet users to access Ryanair host reservation system to make a reservation and to pay the confirmed reservation in real time. The company advertises heavily about reservation system though newspaper, radio and television As a result 94% of the reservation comes through the companys reservation system. Safety and quality maintenance Ryanairs management fully committed for the safety and quality maintenance to the aircrafts. The company operates latest Boeing 737-800 with additional safety features inbuilt in it. Also the company committed to hire and training pilots, cabin crews and maintenance staffs in accordance with highest European airline industry standards. In past 24 years Ryanairs operating history, it does not had any major incident injuring pilots or cabin crews or passengers. Although Ryanair aggressively practice low cost model, it gives high importance for the aircraft safety, maintenance, training and quality assurance. Increasing operating results through ancillary services Ryanair provides various ancillary passenger services connected to its main air passenger service such as in-flight sale of food, beverage and merchandise and also it provides through telephone reservation officers and Ryanairs internet system accommodation service, travel insurance and car rentals. Ryanairs corporate strategy The Ryanairs corporate strategy (Appendix 3) has been defined much advance and its main objective developed before it commence. Emerge of Ryanairs corporate strategy is the final objective is developed during the course its life. Ryanairs business visor, mission, main objective please. (Refer Assignment 1, Appendix 1 and p. 16-17) Ryanairs business strategy Ryanairs business strategy is to offer very competitive affordable fare for the airline users to reach their destination in the European market. Ryanairs long term marketing plane and its position: Ryanairs long term marketing plans please refer Appendix 2 and its position please refer (Assignment 1 and p. 8 Appendix 6.p 25) Porters competitive strategy model for low cost carrier Porters (1980) competitive strategy model (Appendix 5) describes that there are three types of strategies are used by business for their long term survival. They are cost leadership, differentiation strategy, and market share and market segmentation strategy. These strategies are measured along with business strategic scope and strategic strength. Stuck in the middle OVERROLL LOW COST LEADERSHIP FOCUSSED DIFFERENTIATION COST FOCUS BROAD DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation Narrow Market Cost Low cost Broad Ryanairs business strategic scope Ryanairs business strategic scope is to become number one low cost airline in the European market for cost conscious business and leisure travelers. Ryanairs business strategic scope Ryanairs business strategic scope is to become number one low cost airline in the European market for cost conscious business and leisure travelers. Ryanairs business strategic strength. Ryanair was first Europe discount airline capitalized by the EU decision to deregulate the airline industry stating that any European airline can operate anywhere in the Europe Its aggressive pricing and grater customer satisfaction for the punctuality, reduced cancellation and few lost baggage compare to other airline. In 2005 it became market leader in the low cost airline market. Cost leadership Use of secondary airport: Ryanair did not fly to the major hub airport bur instead it uses secondary airport some distance away from the main airport for low airport access charges. Rapid turnaround: Ryanair maximize use of aircraft by turning around the aircraft within 25 minutes Point-to-point routing: Ryanair fly point-to-point and it avoid cost connected with passenger and baggage transfer Boeing aircraft: Single aircraft family the being 737. It palace big being aircraft order just after September 11 2001 benefiting purchases price advantage. Aviation fuel: Major portion of fuel porches hedged hence increase in fuel price not affected to the company. In-flight service: No free in-flight service such as free drink or snacks. No refund for no-shows. Staffs and overhead: Ryanair staffs are non-union and pilots and cabin crews get low salary but compensated with other benefits. Differentiation strategy: Ryanairs operation provided several positive features for the passengers towards its punctuality, reduced cancellation, few lost baggage compare with other carriers. Passengers always were assured to reach their designation on time with their baggage. Many other revenue generating service such as travel insurance, car hire, couch and train ticket. Market share and market segmentation strategy: Ryanair has taken grater market share in the low cost airline business in the European continent and it became market leader in that sector. (Ryanairs route map in Europe Refer appendix 8) Organizational Structure DIRECTOR Paolo Pietrogrnde CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD David Bonder man DIRECTOR James Osborne DIRECTOR Klaus Kirchberger DIRECTOR Michael Horgan DIRECTOR Emmanuel Faber DIRECTOR Kyran McLaughlin FLIGHT OPERATIONS David O Brien COMMERCIAL REVENUE SF HUMAN RESOURCE EW PILOT RC ENGINEERING Michael Hickey CUSTOMER SERVICE Caroline Green LEGAL SECURITY JK COO Michael Cawley CFO Howard Millar CEO (Source www.ryanair.com, last update February 14th 2010) This diagram shows the organizational structure for Ryanair. The airline is operated with the name of Ryanair Ltd. Subsidiary for this Darley Investment Ltd. In this organization all international dealing are done by Ryanair.com. Nature of this business is aircraft trading. These boards of directors are responsible for the strategic view and functions which are in Ryanair Ltd. Chairman is Michael OLeary and other directors responsible other activities such as audit, executive, remuneration, nomination and the air safety committee. Leadership. Ryanair fight for its survival in early 1990s. In 1992 Ryanair introduced low cost no frills business model in Europe market under the leadership of Mr. Michael O Leary. Despite huge success Mr. Michael O Leary has come under both praise and criticism about his leadership and management style. Financial Times Magazine Mr. Tim Jeans argue that Mr. Michael O Leary genius in his ability motivate people with single-handedly transforming European air transport. Mr. O Leary leader ship style doses not fit rigidly into one style. His characteristic highly task oriented controlling cost, aircraft acquisition, and rout development. Also at the same time he is highly people oriented both with customers and people. His outspokenness has made him to expose into public-eye. EU commissioner for Belgium describes him in the Financial Times as irritating and arrogant Creaton (2004). But former and present staffs prized his leadership style in an interview with Financial Times Magazine. (Refer Append ix 4) There are three main characteristic of leaders in an organization Finley (2000). They are Leader should have strong held vision Mr. Michael O Leary took the leadership of Ryanair with very clear vision to the model the carrier on Southwest Airline and to create low fare no frills carrier in Europe. Leader should be able to communicate the vision External communication concern Ryanair was well recognizing one of the first budgeted airline in Europe. Internal communication concern he motivated and created incredible energy among the people to achieve the desired objective. Leader should be able to convert the vision into reality. Certainly the vision has turned into reality Ryanair grown and created a record profit low cost no frills airline in the European market. Culture The culture web describes the paradigm of an organization and physical manifestations of an organizational culture. (Johnson and schools, exploring corporate strategy, p.230) culture basically explained the organizational behaviors. Culture will include stories, symbols, system, structure, routines and rituals. (Refer appendix 11) Ryanairs pricing strategy Ryanairs cost leadership is the backbone for its lower piecing strategy. Ryanair is the lowest cost in Europe and its 40% low compare to closet competitor in Europe. (Refer Appendix 6) Implementation of gap Strategic implementation is complex and time consuming but success of an organization lies on this stage. However good the business or corporate strategy is, it is off little value unless implemented (Hubbard R.C, 2008, pg 349). Therefore, during this phase, strategy makers should consider the question of who implements that strategy, what must be done and how the strategy is implemented (Fletcher, 2001, p.2). Hence, 7S framework has been applied to Ryanair to identify gaps the issues that should be addressed during implementation phase (Refer appendix diagram 9) Recommendation Ryanair continues to attract customers with heavy advertisement stating that they are not going to charge furl surcharge with the aim to keep the fare low. Davey (2006) states that the figures release by the Ryanair shows that its low cost formula is continue to work. Ryanair in order to increase the business travelers who needs punctuality, the carrier reduce the turnaround time from 30 minutes to 25 minutes by dropping there cargo service even they new that they are going to lose à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 500,000 per year However budgeted airlines continues to enjoy its boom with low cost and opening new routes in the European market. If there is drop in demand Ryanair would certainly suffer and they might have to change their strategy by offering drink vouchers and making alliances with hotel groups in order to offer complete package and attract more people to its carrier. Also Ryanair should pay attention technology changes happening such as on line check in and would able them to cut their cost. Ryanairs innovating action creates future sustainability. In future if they found new routes reach places quick it will bring more tradition of getting more passengers for Ryanair. Ryanair for low cost uses secondary airport it will cause inconvenient for some customers to reach their place so they have to consider this point to get a solution for customers to reach their place easier. Conclusion Overall RYANAIR is in good position when compared to other players. The strategies implemented seem to be more effective since they have helped to match RYANAIR with its external environment. The adoptability flexibility of RYANAIR to the environmental changes have contributed to the success of RYANAIR. Ryanair seems to be using their strategy sensibly which work for them. They aware the environment and understand the importance of monitoring and they are the first to come into low-cost market in Europe. However they constantly monitor the environment and any change they should be ready to change their strategy. The flexibility adoptability to environmental changes was possible especially because of the value adding factors RYANAIR has focused. The value chain of RYANAIR has been designed to deliver the low cost concept by emphasizing only in value adding activities and by eliminating non value adding activities such as eliminating catering. In my point of view I believe RYANAIR was successful in managing the strategic management process by matching itself to its external environment. However, it does not have a major market share as the leader though it has beaten the market leader in many areas. Therefore, I suggest following recommendations for RYANAIR to achieve its potential improve its market share. References Cavendish, Camilla, A policy that pretends we can all fly on the cheap is a policy that wont fly, The Times, 5 January 2006 Doganis, R., 2001, The Airlines Business in the Twenty-first Century, Routledge, London Fletcher J (2003) .Strategic management Study guide and plan Edith Cowan University Perth Australia Hubbard, G. Rice, J. Beamish, P. [2008] Strategic management Thinking analysis action 3rd edition Pearson education Australia Lynch, Richard (2000), Corporate Strategy 2nd Ed. Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 0- 273-64303-7 Miller A, (1998), Strategic Management, McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition. New York. Study Guide: Strategic Management Ryanair industry details retrieved on the 21st may 2010 from www.ryanair.com Viljoen, J. Dann, S. 4th edition (2003). Strategic Management, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Pearson Education Pty Ltd. Appendix Appendix 1 Ryanairs Introduction Ryanair started its operation in 1985. In the first year more than 5,000 passengers traveled between South Eastern Ireland and London. The company expanded continuously and 600, 000 passengers traveled per year in 14 aircrafts by 1989.Past four years the cost increased substantially and ends up with loss of  £20 million. In 1990 the current CEO Mr. Michael OLeary took over the management and conducted major changes in the company. Ryanair followed the low cost-low frills concept and reduces the routes from 19 to 5 by 1991. The company increased the fleet to 21 over the next 6 years and remarkable increase in passenger traveled in Ryanair due to its low pricing policy. European regulation restricted Ryanair to take advantage to implement low pricing policy. Ryanair took full advantage in 1997 open new routes in Continental Europe due to deregulation of European Union air transportation regulation. Ryanair established 160 routes by 2001 and hubs established around the continent in London, Glasgow, Brussels, Frankfort, Milan, Now Ryanair is the most profitable and key players in the European budget airline market. Appendix 2 Low cost carrier business model (Source MERCER management consulting 2002) Appendix 3 COPORATE STRETEGY. Corporate Parenting Parenting strategy Portfolio Analysis BCG Matrix Directional Strategy Growth Stability Retrenchment Corporate strategy basically explains about the direction of the firm. It go through in three ways. They are as follows: Directional strategy This strategy includes three points which are growth, stability and retrenchment. Growth explains expansion and growth of the company. Here we are going to look at the growth perspective of Ryanair. Stability explains ryanairs did not change its current activities. Retrenchment explains strategies reduce the companys level of activities. Portfolio Ill explain about the BCG Matrix. BCG Matrix is a best analysis part to analyzing and managing the performance of a business unit within the organization. It developed to identify the growth rate of an industry by classifying its business unit. This BCG matrix relies on lifecycle and experience curve Relative market Share Low High DOGS CASH COWS PROBLEM CHILDREN STARS Industry Growth Rate% High Low This BCG Matrix growth strategy explains the growth of the company. If we looked at this case study Ryanair is in stars position that means high industry growth rate and having high relative market share. COPORATE LEVEL Low High Cost reduce Need for local responsiveness High Low Global strategy Export strategy Multi domestic strategy Transactional strategy Ryanair is moving from export strategy to transactional strategy. Export strategy which explains products are standard but can varied, market is usually main market, operation location done in home market, and strategy control is done by home. Here coordination level and local responsiveness is low. Transactional strategy explains the product are same as export strategy, market means all markets, operation location done in two way organizational structure, strategy control varies with a product are within global framework and coordination level as well as local responsive level is high. Ryanair moves from export strategy to transactional strategy to adopt more strategies to survive in the world. Ryanair evaluate on No Frills segment, low fare cost leadership, ancillary revenue into focus differentiation and adopting transactional strategy and no fares relationship. Appendix 4 Leadership vs. Management Leadership and management are two terms used to define a group behavior in a professional setting. Leadership and management are inter-connected and inter-dependent concepts. Leadership Management Setting up new goals, vision or planning a new strategy Contorting the organizing to achieve realistic goals and objectives Managing the group properly Help the leaders to achieve the goals on collective vision of the group Seeks effectiveness do the right thing Seeks efficiency do things right Provides direction to the group Enforces control Thrives on opportunity Lives for the job well done Make people go down in history as great men to inspire generations. Only behavioral aspects that alter with environment and requirements Leaders are made, not born According to Great Man theory, Leaders are born and not made. In my point of view leader are made and some or all of the following helps them to become a great leader, their background, education, knowledge and experience, and their career path. If we further explain leadership as anyone in a position whose success requires the support of others can play the role of a leader. Leaders have ability to discuss, communicate, influence, and control others to do things is absolutely indispensable to everything you achieve in life. Of course, everyone you meet has different values, opinions, attitudes, beliefs, cultural values, work habits, goals, ambitions, and dreams. Successful leader should have leadership traits. When you become capable in your job or skill, then you become skillful at understanding the motivations and behaviors of other people. Michael OLeary deeply believes leaders are made not born. Mr. Herb Kelleher is the one born with leadership quality the founder of original budgeted airline, Southwest Airline in the United States Mr. Michael OLeary is made leader who flowed budgeted Southwest Airline model in the European market Leadership Skills Getting and giving information Getting and giving information is probably number one competency required from leaders. Leaders should be communicating effectively and must be able to exchange information effectively and accurately. In Ryanair Michael OLeary is the leader who gives decision to others to do. He has the charismatic power to control all its staff and work under him. Understanding the needs and characteristics of the Group As the group plans and carries out activities, Michael OLeary learns more about the individuals needs and characteristics. Knowing and understanding the resources of the Group Knowing group peoples skills, attitudes, backgrounds and experience and to use an effective technique for bring a group together and creating commitment to common goals. Controlling the Group A group exists for a purpose. As a leader exerts control, he needs to balances to get the jo

A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines Essay -- Kestrel Knave Barry Hine

A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines For this assignment, I shall be looking at Barry Hines’ novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’. The story focuses on a day in the life of Billy Casper, a fifteen-year-old schoolboy growing up in an environment lacking in many ways. In this assignment I am to look at examples of deprivation in the various areas of Billy Casper’s life. Barry Hines writes about a young boy growing up in the 1960’s. Despite the fact that the Welfare State had been in place for over twenty years, Hines’ novel sheds much light on the kind of life some children still had to live, in order to survive in societies that should have been well developed. The text writes in extensive detail about how a boy like Billy had to live, and I felt quite sympathetic towards Billy – for him having to endure so much abuse in one day. Considering the Welfare State had been firmly in place for two decades, reading this novel opened my eyes to how some families had to live. Barry Hines was a teacher and he would have had first hand experience of what life was like for some children of the era. Maybe, through such a novel, Hines hoped to raise awareness by outlining the poor standards in which people were living. I shall now therefore like to explore ways in which Billy’s life lacked. Firstly I am going to write about how Billy’s life lacked within the home. I found that Billy was heavily denied of material possessions. For example – quite early on in the text - we learn Billy is deprived of the basic necessities of food. ‘There were a packet of dried peas and a half-bottle of vinegar on the shelves. The bread bin was empty.’ Such extreme circumstances caused Billy to steal; he stole a box of eggs, a choco... ... happening today that’s frightening, that makes me feel that it’s all been a waste of time†¦ Like it’s a waste of time standing here talking to you boys, because you won’t take a blind bit of notice what I’m saying†. Another characteristic Hines uses in order to create an effective novel is the person in which it is written. Hines writes the novel in third person, however he does not write as an omniscient author. I think this is a powerful way to put across the characters, since by this technique not even we, the sympathetic readers, are allowed into Billy’s thoughts, giving the heightened feeling of isolation and loneliness Billy is made to endure. In conclusion, I feel that Billy Hines was successful in conveying the issue of deprivation through the use of the novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’ and therefore brought about the need for change effectively. A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines Essay -- Kestrel Knave Barry Hine A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines For this assignment, I shall be looking at Barry Hines’ novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’. The story focuses on a day in the life of Billy Casper, a fifteen-year-old schoolboy growing up in an environment lacking in many ways. In this assignment I am to look at examples of deprivation in the various areas of Billy Casper’s life. Barry Hines writes about a young boy growing up in the 1960’s. Despite the fact that the Welfare State had been in place for over twenty years, Hines’ novel sheds much light on the kind of life some children still had to live, in order to survive in societies that should have been well developed. The text writes in extensive detail about how a boy like Billy had to live, and I felt quite sympathetic towards Billy – for him having to endure so much abuse in one day. Considering the Welfare State had been firmly in place for two decades, reading this novel opened my eyes to how some families had to live. Barry Hines was a teacher and he would have had first hand experience of what life was like for some children of the era. Maybe, through such a novel, Hines hoped to raise awareness by outlining the poor standards in which people were living. I shall now therefore like to explore ways in which Billy’s life lacked. Firstly I am going to write about how Billy’s life lacked within the home. I found that Billy was heavily denied of material possessions. For example – quite early on in the text - we learn Billy is deprived of the basic necessities of food. ‘There were a packet of dried peas and a half-bottle of vinegar on the shelves. The bread bin was empty.’ Such extreme circumstances caused Billy to steal; he stole a box of eggs, a choco... ... happening today that’s frightening, that makes me feel that it’s all been a waste of time†¦ Like it’s a waste of time standing here talking to you boys, because you won’t take a blind bit of notice what I’m saying†. Another characteristic Hines uses in order to create an effective novel is the person in which it is written. Hines writes the novel in third person, however he does not write as an omniscient author. I think this is a powerful way to put across the characters, since by this technique not even we, the sympathetic readers, are allowed into Billy’s thoughts, giving the heightened feeling of isolation and loneliness Billy is made to endure. In conclusion, I feel that Billy Hines was successful in conveying the issue of deprivation through the use of the novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’ and therefore brought about the need for change effectively.

Impact of Social Classes Essay

The world that we live in is so immense, that the people who live in it is so diverse in culture, lifestyle, language and even skin color. We live in different environments and countries yet with all these dissimilarities, we share something in common. That is what we call social classes, which was practiced primarily during the beginning of world civilization. Our world began with this system and thereby influenced the generations after them. People were then identified simply as slaves or kings yet very unjust. People eventually awakened from a lengthy stupor and learned to fight for their human rights to exterminate these social strata and discriminations that exist in the society even until today. It is sad but factual and real. Even in the most democratic country, social classes still exist in modern times and manifest in terms of financial, cultural ethnicity and even racial aspects. We still have what we call as upper, middle and lower classes basing on their financial capacity. It is really part of our world but we have grown to be more considerate and tolerant to each other. In the story A&P, the setting of the story happened in a store in a small town five miles away from the beach. People here are generally conservative thus concerned about propriety. The story began when Sammy, who worked as a cashier in this grocery store called A&P saw three young girls who came in the store barefoot, wearing swimming suits. This of course does not occur everyday in this town, so naturally, Sammy and his co-worker Stokesie were stunned. Even the other grocery shoppers were surprised to these girls confidently walking along the aisles looking for something they need to buy. When the girls were on the counter being manned by Sammy, they caught the eye of Mr. Lengel, who manages the store. Mr. Lengel who also teaches Sunday school could not help but approach the girls and told them â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach. † This embarrassed the girls and one of them said, â€Å"We are decent†. The girls then paid and hurried to go back to their car outside and leave. Before the girls left, Sammy suddenly told Mr. Lengel that he is quitting his job, deliberately saying it while the girls were of hearing range to present himself as their hero but when he left the store, the girls left already, putting his efforts to nothing. Sammy then realized that his impulsiveness led his to lose his job which can greatly affect his life and his family. Living in different areas in the same country also means having diverse cultures. Urban areas especially the big cities have displays of a more liberated lifestyle compared to the rural ones. The contrasts of these two societies are very apparent in this story. These girls didn’t think they did anything wrong by walking in a store wearing swimming suits but for residents of that community, it was very improper and offensive. Sammy seemed in awe of these girls and impulsively quit his job just to become a momentary hero for them. Seeing this trio of girls who have been used to a different upbringing due to a social class they grew in opened Sammy’s eyes to something different from the one he is used to. The second story was entitled â€Å"Barn Burning† which happened in the 1930’s. It was about an impoverished family led by the father called Abner Snopes, who works for farmers in way of rental contracts. This family has been moving from one farm to another for several years because Abner always gets in trouble. Abner is so full of bitterness and insecurities that pushed him to do ludicrous deeds to the farm owners he works in. His temper heats up even with the slightest provocation and gets consumed with hatred which impels him to burn the barns of the farms who worked for. All these were done witnessed by his two sons, twin daughters, sister-in-law and his wife who tags along with him every time he needed to move. He was put in question in Peace’s courts several times because of his arsonist tendencies. One time, he burned a barn to get back at his neighbor named Mr. Harris because his hog strayed to his neighbor’s property and defiantly refused to return it if he would not pay the fine of a dollar. He then sent a black man whom he calls rudely as a nigger and asks him to pay the dollar to claim his hog and tell the neighbor, â€Å"Wood and hay kin burn. † Later the barn of that neighbor was burned. After the inquest the Snopes family had to move to another farm outside that county. When they arrived at another farm, he immediately paid a visit to the owner of the farm and insisted on going inside the white carpeted house with his filthy shoes and smeared dung on it from his shoes. He was later told in court to pay the farm owner ten bushels of corn which he obviously could not afford since they can barely put food on their table. He then later decided to burn the barn of that farm owner for revenge. The only person in the Snopes’ family, who truly asserted himself to correct the misdeeds of his father, was Abner’s youngest son who was a little boy named Colonel Sartoris Snopes. He wanted his father’s habitual barn burning to be stopped and so told the farm owner of what was happening. Colonerl Sartoris was righteous and did what he believed was the right thing to do even if his father’s barn burning is revealed. I am not trying to defend but understand Abner for the things he did in the story. What he did was wrong and there was no just compelling for his actions but Abner’s behavior was in some ways a result of what society laid as basis for a person’s worth. He became irrational and resorted to violence when he thought he was unfairly treated instead of trying to do things in a proper way. Social classification then was so vividly observable. The owners of a farm are far more affluent compared to the families in the likes of the Snopes’ who does the hard, laborious work of tilling the land, growing the crops then harvesting it yet earning so little for it. The unfairness of that era was evident and created a huge gap between these social classes which affects the lives of those considered as inferior like Abner’s family. They deserved equal opportunity to live a more comfortable and easy life. Sammy and Abner has the same impulsiveness to do what they think could put justice into a situation without thinking of the consequences of their action. Sammy quit his job to show that he dissented the way Mr. Lengel embarrassed the girls which was implied to be a decision that would affect his family. On the other hand, Abner resorted to violence to solve his predicament which apparently worsens his family’s situation. Social stratification affects the lives of the people. It may enrich their lives or curtail their opportunities. These days it is a relief to see that the lines between these classes are not as vivid as during the time of our forefathers and are now slowly fading into progression. There are still destitute men and women on the streets in most communities. There are still discriminations among races and gender. There are still people oppressed by their leaders. But it is evident that in our society today people are more aware of their rights and would definitely fight for it in whatever way they can. These stories showed the development in how people treated each other during these two eras and the history of social classes.